Although the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex includes much of the classical ‘Broca's area’ and is often associated narrowly with speech production, a variety of neuroimaging and neuropsychological evidence indicates that this region plays a key role in top-down activation and selection of semantic information (Jefferies & Lambon Ralph, 2006; Thompson-Schill, D'Esposito, Aguirre, & Farah, 1997; Wagner, Pare-Blagoev, Clark, & Poldrack, 2001). For example, when presented with an ambiguous word without context, the right hemisphere primes less frequent meaning of the word. An argument in favor of the “slippage” account is that a different dichotic listening experiment found no differences between first and repeated presentations of words unless both were in the attended ear (Okita & Jibu, 1998). The general semantic network is also virtually identical to the ‘default-mode’ network, defined as regions that show higher levels of activity during passive and ‘resting’ states than during attentional tasks (Binder et al., 1999, 2009; Buckner et al., 2008; Spreng et al., 2009). In each case, the conditions differ in the extent to which conceptual information about the stimulus can be retrieved. demonstrated that what might be the key factor to greater recall is transfer-appropriate processing–when the level of processing at the original memory/learning time matches the level of processing used to help recall. A common task for studying the brain systems involved in semantic processing is to ask subjects to give the use of a common noun (e.g., hammer). A similar logic applies to studies contrasting famous against unfamiliar proper names, related against unrelated word pairs, meaningful against nonsensical sentences, and sentences against random word strings. We might thus expect attenuation rather than elimination of semantic processing for uncued locations, and this is what was observed. The significance of estimation of missing values in industrial data sets is that different operational situations cannot be describe properly while data sets includes missing values. Andersen, Asanuma, Essick, & Siegel, 1990; Cavada & Goldman-Rakic, 1989; Jones & Powell, 1970, Jefferies & Lambon Ralph, 2006; Thompson-Schill, D'Esposito, Aguirre, & Farah, 1997; Wagner, Pare-Blagoev, Clark, & Poldrack, 2001, Alexander & Benson, 1993; Freedman, Alexander, & Naeser, 1984; Luria & Tsvetkova, 1968, Buckner, Andrews-Hanna, & Schacter, 2008; Hassabis & Maguire, 2007; Schacter & Addis, 2007; Schilbach, Eickhoff, Rotarska-Jagiela, Fink, & Vogeley, 2008; Spreng, Mar, & Kim, 2009; Svoboda, McKinnon, & Levine, 2006, Greene, Sommerville, Nystrom, Darley, and Cohen (2001), Binder et al., 1999, 2009; Buckner et al., 2008; Spreng et al., 2009, Andreasen et al., 1995; Andrews-Hanna, 2012; Binder et al., 1999; Buckner et al., 2008; Ingvar, 1985, Andreasen et al., 1995; Andrews-Hanna, 2012; Binder et al., 1999, Lambon Ralph, Cipolotti, Manes, & Patterson, 2010; Tsapkini, Frangakis, & Hillis, 2011, Lambon, Graham, Ellis, & Hodges, 1998; Lambon et al., 2001, Bozeat, Lambon Ralph, Patterson, Garrard, & Hodges, 2000; Lambon, Graham, Patterson, & Hodges, 1999, Grounding Sentence Processing in the Sensory-Motor System, As discussed, the investigation of conceptual-, The Verb Mutability Effect: Studies of the Combinatorial Semantics of Nouns and Verbs, In addition to its connections with psycholinguistic models of, Smith, Osherson, Rips, Albert, and Keane, 1986, Smith, Osherson, Rips, Albert and Keane, 1986, Microgenesis of Language: Vertical Integration of Linguistic Mechanisms Across the Neuraxis, It can be argued that lexical (word-level), A common task for studying the brain systems involved in, Context Effects on Embodied Representation of Language Concepts, To test whether the involvement of sensory–motor regions during, Glover, Rosenbaum, Graham, and Dixon (2004), Bargh & Shalev, 2012; Williams & Bargh, 2008, Bargh, Schwader, Hailey, Dyer, & Boothby, 2012, Selective Attention, Processing Load, and Semantics, evaluated the relationship between visuospatial attention and, a latency that is very close to our best estimates of when access to word meaning might begin (based on both the onset latencies of N400 context effects and gaze-duration measures during reading). However, because this lateral area was often involved in working memory and its time course was early, it is more likely that this lateral frontal area is related to operations such as holding the lexical item in a brief store during the time needed to which to look up the associated word use. When beat gesture is presented without pitch accent, it may not facilitate … likelihood of a traffic light in image patch x, p(cjx), and traffic light occurrence prior distribution, p(x). This effect was interpreted as a reduced grounding in the sensory-motor system for the conceptual-semantic processing of negative action-related sentences, possibly driven by a drain of neuro-computational resources in favor of syntactic processing, given the greater syntactic and computational complexity of negative versus affirmative sentences (Christensen, 2009; Kaup et al., 2007). Shoben and Medin have demonstrated such dimensional interactions in judged typicality. When subjects think of the use of a noun, there is an area of positive electrical activity over frontal electrodes starting about 150 msec after the word appears. demonstrated that what might be the key factor to greater recall is transfer-appropriate processing–when the level of processing at the original memory/learning time matches the level of processing used to help recall. svPPA is characterized by both linguistic and nonlinguistic semantic deficits in contrast to relatively normal abilities in other aspects of cognition (Snowden, Goulding, & Neary, 1989). There are important parallels between our work and that of Osherson and Smith. Impairment in amodal processing is generally related to damage in the temporal lobes. So far, only a few studies have looked at the origin of age of acquisition and its … The various frontal nodes of this network likely have distinct functions. Psycholinguists argue that TOT states occur when there is a transmission of activation failure between the lemma and phonology levels of word production (e.g., Burke, MacKay, Worthley, & Wade, 1991). It appears that something more is required than a simple additive or averaging operation on the external dimension of typicality. Some features of the site may not work correctly. To test this idea, Hoenig and Scheef (2005) examined temporal lobe activation in word-level (item-based or lexical) versus sentence-level (relational) semantic processing in a single task. Since brake and break both sound the same, phonology alone cannot distinguish which of broke or braked is to be the correct past tense form for the input breIk. A similar reduction of motor cortex activity for negative sentences was observed by Aravena et al. Attention to color also modulates ERPs, but with a latency delay relative to visuospatial attention. For example, giving words a meaning or linking them with previous knowledge. These findings support the idea that word-level semantic processing may rely on anteroventral regions of the MTL, at the end of the object processing stream. A streams-based architecture raises fundamental questions about the nature of the streams and the interactions be-tween them. The results suggest that action affordances can be activated implicitly and support the view that the involvement of sensory–motor system during semantic processing is automatic. Kellenbach and Michie (1996) thus intermixed red and green words with red and green nonword letter strings and asked their participants to make lexical decisions only for items in a single color. brake/break). However, this experiment also made the important point that similar patterns of behavior can mask distinct attentional processes. Amodal semantic processing is what we think of when we think of core semantic processing. Search. Much remains unknown about the full range of conditions that elicit semantic P600s and their implications for the neuro-cognitive processes that serve sentence processing (Bornkessel- Schlesewsky & Schlesewsky, 2008; Kuperberg, 2007; Osterhout et al., 2011). Subjects viewed sentences that ended in either a semantically ambiguous word (e.g., “spade”) or an unambiguous near-synonym (e.g., “shovel”): Following each sentence subjects were presented with a probe word (e.g., “ace” or “garden”) and asked to determine if the probe fit the prior sentence context (semantic congruity judgment). Accordingly, they found evidence for ACEs in progressive sentences, but not in perfect sentences. Figure 2. Copyright © 2020 Elsevier B.V. or its licensors or contributors. Semantic processing is the deepest level of processing and it requires the listener to think about the meaning of the cue. Science of Science. DON M. TUCKER, ... PHAN LUU, in Handbook of the Neuroscience of Language, 2008. The authors found an interference effect in the early portions of the grasping performance: reading a word about a large object led to a larger grip aperture (i.e., larger separation between the thumb and the index finger) than reading a word about a small object. The results of this experiment support the hypothesis that the bilateral IFG is involved in lexical-semantic processing under conditions of increased competition, showing increased activation for ambiguous words in the presence of a single disambiguating related word compared to unambiguous words. Summary. A 2 (condition: identical, rearranged) × 2 (semantic: semantically related, semantically unrelated) ANOVA conducted on the amplitude of the FN400 revealed a significant effect of the semantic factor (F (1,19) = 4.72, p = 0.03; η p 2 = 0.04), with larger FN400 amplitude for semantically unrelated pairs than semantically related pairs. The small N400 effect for nominally unattended words may indicate that spatial attention is less effective in the auditory than visual modality, or may have reflected slippage of attention to the wrong ear on a small proportion of trials. Heuristic-Systematic Model of Information Processing, or HSM, is a widely recognized communication model by Shelly Chaiken that attempts to explain how people receive and process persuasive messages. The participants then took a memory test after a short period of time. Briefly, Osherson and Smith model nouns (e.g., apple) as having a list of independent attributes. The work reviewed here raises interesting questions for the neural bases of language, and more particularly, for microgenetic theory. However, McCarthy and Nobre included a second manipulation to evaluate the possibility of semantic processing in the absence of spatial attention. An interesting question is whether semantic priming can also increase product liking by enhancing the ease of perceptual processing. Since the response time for this task was about 1,100 msec, this would leave time for the generation of related associations needed to solve the task. Results illustrate that the anatomy of this high-level cognitive activity is similar enough among individuals to produce focal average activations that are both statistically significant and reproducible. Previous research has shown that θ oscillations are sensitive to lexical-semantic content of open-class words (Bastiaansen et al., 2005). Rather, this research suggests that the internal featural representations of the concepts must be used in the combinatorial calculations. The left posterior brain area found to be more active during the processing of the meaning of visual words did not appear until a much later time (500 msec). The following instance illustrates the phenomenon. The results of this experiment support the hypothesis that the bilateral IFG is involved in lexical-semantic processing under conditions of increased competition, showing increased activation for ambiguous words in the presence of a single disambiguating related word compared to unambiguous words. In this respect, some behavioral evidence has been provided showing that grammatical parameters, such as verb aspect or temporal markers, affect the ACE. In sentential negation, an interaction occurs between a syntactic element (i.e., the negation operator not) and conceptual-semantic information (i.e., the scope of sentential negation containing the negated information) (Tettamanti & Moro, 2012). Semantic processing is the deepest level of processing and it requires the listener to think about the meaning of the cue. Examples include physical warmth elicits feelings of social warmth (Bargh & Shalev, 2012; Williams & Bargh, 2008), physical heaviness activates feelings of seriousness, and physical sensations of surface hardness prime more abstract notions of difficulty (Ackerman, Nocera, & Bargh, 2010). The HVS model extends the basic discrete Markov model by encoding context in each state as a vector. Together these two areas are needed to solve nearly any problem, which depends upon retrieval of stored information (Duncan et al., 2000). During these tasks, listeners produce different possible meanings and list all the other words that come to their minds. Foroni and Semin (2013) measured electromyographic recordings from zygomatic muscles continuously after the presentation of face action-related subject-verb phrases (e.g., “I am smiling”/“I am not smiling”) and found muscle activation for affirmative sentences and muscle inhibition for negative sentences. More specifically, it seems that damage must be bilateral to incur significant deficits (Lambon Ralph, Cipolotti, Manes, & Patterson, 2010; Tsapkini, Frangakis, & Hillis, 2011). The perirhinal, limbic cortical representation of basic categories may thus prove consistent with a microgenetic view, in which limbic cortex organizes a more primitive, general meaning, and arbitration with neocortex is required for the more abstract representation of superordinate categories (Tucker, 2007). self-referential processing may reflect a more specialized mech-anism that is not exclusively driven by semantic functions (Glisky & Marquine, 2009; Kelley et al., 2002), enhancements in seman-tic processing may increase the likelihood that a stimulus may be interpreted as self-relevant and thus facilitate the recruitment of Practice on a single list of words reduces the activation in both the anterior cingulate and lateral cortical areas (Raichle et al., 1994). The major issue is how the intension and extension of a combination of two concepts relate to the intensions and extensions of the two separate concepts. knowing the truth value of sentences by considering the context or conditions . It may be serving as a monitor of conflict, but it is possible that it plays other roles as well. For example, a subject with right hemisphere damage will group the word “deep” with its antonym “shallow,” and have trouble producing the non-literal association of “deep” with “wise.”. Several authors have emphasized the profound adaptive value of these processes, which not only enable the attainment of personal goals but also form the neurobiological basis for human culture and technological development (Andreasen et al., 1995; Andrews-Hanna, 2012; Binder et al., 1999). Evidence for ACEs in progressive sentences, but not in the field challenging their.! The attended side elicited a smaller N400 component than unrelated words 2007 ) linguistic. 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